Vulva
External female genital structures with protective and reproductive functions.
The vulva comprises mostly external, visible structures of the female genitalia in mammals, leading into the interior of the female reproductive tract. In humans, it includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, urinary meatus, vaginal introitus, hymen, and openings of the vestibular glands. The vulva is supported by pelvic floor muscles and other muscles of the urogenital triangle, and its blood and nerve supply contribute to the stages of sexual arousal helpful in reproduction.
- part_of
- Female reproductive system
- includes
- Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, urinary meatus, vaginal introitus, hymen, Bartholin's and Skene's glands
- blood_supply
- Three pudendal arteries
- nerve_supply
- Pudendal nerve, perineal nerve, ilioinguinal nerve and branches
- lymph_drainage
- Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
- variation
- Great variation in appearance, especially labia minora
Lore & Background
The vulva develops prenatally from mesenchyme cells that form the cloacal folds and genital tubercle. The urorectal septum divides the area into urogenital and anal triangles. After birth, the vulva undergoes changes at childhood, puberty, menopause, and post-menopause. There is great variation in vulval appearance, particularly in the size, shape, and color of the labia minora, which can protrude outside the labia majora. Researchers from the Elizabeth Garret Anderson Hospital measured multiple genital dimensions of 50 women aged 18 to 50, with a mean age of 35.6.
Reader's Guide
The vulva is significant as the external gateway to the female reproductive tract, providing protection via the double layer of labial folds. Its structures include the clitoris, a highly sensitive organ with the only known function of focusing on sexual feelings, and the vestibule containing openings for the urethra and vagina. Blood supply from the three pudendal arteries and nerve supply from the pudendal, perineal, and ilioinguinal nerves support sexual arousal. The vulva can be affected by disorders such as infections and cancers, and vulvovaginal health measures can prevent many of these. Cultural views have varied widely: some ancient religions and Hinduism have revered the vulva, while Western societies have often held a negative attitude, reflected in the term 'pudenda membra' meaning 'parts to be ashamed of'. Artistic efforts have sought to promote a more positive outlook.
Did You Know?
- The term 'mons veneris' ('mound of Venus') is used specifically for the female mons pubis.
- The clitoral glans contains many nerve endings, making it highly sensitive, and its only known function is to focus on sexual feelings.
- The hymen may rupture during first vigorous sex, but can also rupture spontaneously during exercise or be absent.
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